Viva Questions for Chemistry

Chemistry vivas are heavily focused on experimental technique, characterisation methods, and mechanistic understanding. Examiners will expect you to explain not just what you did, but why you chose specific reagents, conditions, or analytical techniques. Whether your research is synthetic, analytical, physical, or computational, you'll need to demonstrate a deep understanding of the chemistry underpinning your results and the ability to troubleshoot problems in the lab.

Chemistry is one of the more technically demanding disciplines in a viva setting. Examiners may ask you to interpret spectra on the spot, explain a reaction mechanism at the whiteboard, or justify why you chose one synthetic route over another. The expectation is that you understand your chemistry at a fundamental level – not just that you followed a procedure, but that you could adapt it, troubleshoot it, and explain it to someone outside your immediate specialism.

Questions about your research

In a chemistry viva, your examiners will often start by asking you to walk through your key results and the experiments that produced them. They'll be listening for your understanding of the underlying chemistry, your awareness of what could go wrong, and your ability to interpret data critically. If you've done synthetic work, expect questions about yields, purity, and characterisation. If your research is more analytical or computational, expect questions about validation, calibration, and the limitations of your models.

• Can you summarise the key objectives of your research and explain how they evolved over the course of your PhD?
• Why did you choose this particular synthetic route or analytical approach over the alternatives?
• Walk us through the full characterisation of your most important compound or material.
• How did you optimise your reaction conditions, and what parameters did you vary systematically?
• What was the most challenging experimental problem you encountered, and how did you solve it?
• How did you ensure the purity of your products, and what techniques did you use to verify it?
• What safety considerations were important in your experimental work, and how did you manage them?
• Can you explain your spectroscopic or chromatographic data in detail – what does each peak or signal tell us?
• Were there any reactions or experiments that didn't work as expected, and what did you learn from them?
• How did you handle issues of reproducibility in your experimental procedures?
• What would you do differently if you were starting this synthesis or analysis again?
• How did you decide when a reaction was optimised enough to move on?

Questions about theory and literature

Chemistry examiners will probe your understanding of the theory behind your experiments. This might mean reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, kinetics, or computational models depending on your subfield. They'll also want to see that you're aware of how your work fits into the broader literature – who else is working on similar problems, what approaches they've taken, and how your results compare.

• What is the proposed mechanism for your key reaction, and what experimental evidence supports it?
• How does your work relate to recent developments in this area of chemistry?
• Which key papers in the field have most influenced your experimental approach?
• Are there alternative mechanistic explanations for your results, and how would you distinguish between them?
• How does your understanding of the underlying theory inform the way you designed your experiments?
• What assumptions have you made in your theoretical treatment, and how valid are they in practice?
• How has the field moved during your PhD – are there new techniques or findings that affect how we view your work?

Questions about contribution and impact

Chemistry examiners will want to know what your work adds to the field and whether it has practical applications. This could mean new compounds, new methods, improved understanding of a chemical process, or contributions to areas like drug discovery, materials science, or energy. Be specific about what is genuinely new in your work rather than making broad claims.

• What is your thesis's most important contribution to the field of chemistry?
• How might your findings be applied in industry, medicine, or materials science?
• What are the scalability implications of your synthetic work – could this be done on a larger scale?
• How does your research advance the field beyond what was previously known or achievable?
• If you were to continue this research as a postdoc, what would the next steps be?
• Does your work introduce any new methodologies or techniques that others could adopt?

Tough follow-ups your examiners might ask

Chemistry examiners are often very direct. They may point to a specific spectrum and ask you to explain an anomaly, or challenge you on a yield that's lower than comparable literature results. The best approach is to be honest about limitations and demonstrate that you understand the chemistry well enough to diagnose problems, even if you couldn't fully solve them during your PhD.

• Can you explain this anomalous peak in your NMR or mass spectrum?
• How would you distinguish between these two possible products using the data available?
• Your yield is lower than comparable work in the literature – what do you think accounts for that?
• If you were asked to prove your proposed mechanism definitively, what experiments would you design?
• What would happen if you changed [specific variable] – temperature, solvent, catalyst – in your reaction?
• How confident are you that your product is what you say it is, and not an isomer or side product?
• A reviewer says your characterisation data is insufficient – what additional experiments would you run?

Ready to practise? These are the kinds of questions your examiners will ask – but in a real viva, they won't stop at the first answer. They'll follow up, probe deeper, and test how well you can think on your feet. Try VivaCoach to practise with AI-powered follow-up questions tailored to your thesis.

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